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Senin, 15 Maret 2010
Brooklyn Bridge
Jembatan Brooklyn gegap gempita dibuka untuk Mei 1883. The names of John Roebling, Washington Roebling, and Emily Warren Roebling are inscribed on the structure as its builders. [ 6 ] Nama-nama John Roebling, Washington Roebling, dan Emily Warren Roebling yang tertulis pada struktur sebagai pembangun. [6]
Construction began on January 3, 1870. Konstruksi dimulai pada 3 Januari 1870. The Brooklyn Bridge was completed thirteen years later and was opened for use on May 24, 1883. Jembatan Brooklyn selesai tiga belas tahun kemudian dan dibuka untuk digunakan pada 24 Mei 1883. The Brooklyn Bridge might not have been built had it not been for the assistance of Emily Warren Roebling , who provided the critical written link between her husband, Washington Roebling (the Chief Engineer), and engineers on-site. [ 7 ] Most history books cite Washington Roebling's father John Roebling and Washington Roebling as the bridge's builders. Jembatan Brooklyn mungkin tidak telah dibangun itu bukan karena bantuan dari Emily Warren Roebling, yang menyediakan ditulis kritis hubungan antara suaminya, Washington Roebling (Chief Engineer), dan insinyur di tempat. [7] Kebanyakan buku-buku sejarah Washington Roebling mengutip ayah Yohanes Roebling dan Washington Roebling sebagai pembangun jembatan. Early into construction, however, John Roebling's foot slipped into a group of pylons from the shake of an incoming ferry. [ 8 ] This badly crushed his toes, causing those toes to be amputated, leaving him incapacitated; he later died of an infection related to his injury and leaving his son, Washington Roebling, in charge of the bridge. Awal ke konstruksi, bagaimanapun, Yohanes Roebling kaki tergelincir ke sekelompok pylons dari gelengan masuk feri. [8] Hal ini sangat hancur jari-jari kakinya, jari-jari kaki yang menyebabkan harus diamputasi, meninggalkan dia tidak mampu, ia kemudian meninggal karena infeksi terkait ke cedera dan meninggalkan putranya, Washington Roebling, yang bertanggung jawab atas jembatan. The actual construction started under the younger Roebling. Konstruksi yang sebenarnya dimulai di bawah Roebling muda. Not long after taking charge of the bridge, Washington Roebling suffered a paralyzing injury as well, the result of decompression sickness . Tidak lama setelah mengambil alih jembatan, Washington Roebling menderita cedera yang melumpuhkan juga, hasil dari penyakit dekompresi. This condition plagued many of the underwater workers, in different capacities, as the condition was relatively unknown at the time and in fact was first called " caisson disease " by the project physician Dr. Andrew Smith. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] With both men out of commission, Emily Warren Roebling provided critical assistance in providing the communications between her husband and the engineers on-site. Kondisi ini menjangkiti banyak pekerja di bawah air, dalam kapasitas yang berbeda, karena kondisi itu relatif tidak dikenal pada waktu itu dan pada kenyataannya pertama kali disebut "penyakit caisson" oleh proyek dokter Dr Andrew Smith. [9] [10] Dengan kedua laki-laki keluar dari komisi, Emily Warren Roebling memberikan bantuan penting dalam memberikan komunikasi antara suami dan para insinyur di tempat. Under her husband's guidance, Emily had studied higher mathematics, the calculations of catenary curves, the strengths of materials, bridge specifications, and the intricacies of cable construction. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] She spent the next 11 years assisting Washington Roebling in the supervision of the bridge's construction. Di bawah bimbingan suaminya, Emily pernah belajar matematika lebih tinggi, dengan perhitungan yg berhubung dgn deretan kurva, kekuatan bahan, jembatan spesifikasi, dan konstruksi keruwetan kabel. [11] [12] [13] Dia menghabiskan 11 tahun berikutnya membantu Washington Roebling dalam pengawasan konstruksi jembatan.
The opening ceremony was attended by several thousand people and many ships were present in the East Bay for the occasion. Pembukaan dihadiri oleh beberapa ribu orang dan banyak kapal hadir di East Bay untuk acara ini. President Chester Arthur and New York Mayor Franklin Edson crossed the bridge to celebratory cannon fire and were greeted by Brooklyn Mayor Seth Low when they reached the Brooklyn-side tower. Presiden Chester Arthur dan Walikota New York Franklin Edson melintasi jembatan untuk perayaan tembakan meriam dan disambut oleh Walikota Brooklyn Seth rendah ketika mereka tiba di sisi Brooklyn menara. Arthur shook hands with Washington Roebling at Roebling's home, after the ceremony. Arthur berjabat tangan dengan Washington Roebling di rumah Roebling, setelah upacara. Washington Roebling was unable to attend the ceremony but held a celebratory banquet at his house on the day of the bridge opening. Washington Roebling tidak dapat menghadiri upacara perayaan tetapi mengadakan perjamuan di rumahnya pada hari pembukaan jembatan. Further festivity included the performance of a band, gunfire from ships, and a fireworks display. [ 14 ] Pesta lebih lanjut termasuk kinerja sebuah band, tembakan dari kapal, dan kembang api. [14]
On that first day, a total of 1,800 vehicles and 150,300 people crossed what was then the only land passage between Manhattan and Brooklyn. Pada hari pertama itu, total 1.800 kendaraan dan 150.300 orang melintasi apa yang maka satu-satunya bagian tanah antara Manhattan dan Brooklyn. The bridge's main span over the East River is 1,595 feet 6 inches (486.3 m). Jembatan span utama di atas East River adalah 1.595 kaki 6 inci (486,3 m). The bridge cost $15.5 million to build and approximately 27 people died during its construction. [ 15 ] Jembatan biaya $ 15.5 juta untuk membangun dan sekitar 27 orang tewas selama konstruksi. [15]
One week after the opening, on May 30, 1883, a rumor that the Bridge was going to collapse caused a stampede, which crushed and killed at least twelve people. [ 16 ] On May 17, 1884, PT Barnum helped to squelch doubts about the bridge's stability—while publicizing his famous circus—when one of his most famous attractions, Jumbo , led a parade of 21 elephants over the Brooklyn Bridge. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Satu minggu setelah pembukaan, pada 30 Mei 1883, desas-desus bahwa Bridge akan runtuh menyebabkan berbondong-bondong, yang hancur dan menewaskan sedikitnya dua belas orang. [16] Pada tanggal 17 Mei, 1884, PT Barnum membantu memadamkan keraguan tentang jembatan stabilitas-sementara publikasi sirkus-nya yang terkenal ketika salah satu atraksi yang paling terkenal, Jumbo, memimpin sebuah parade dari 21 gajah di atas Jembatan Brooklyn. [17] [18] [19] [20]
At the time it opened, it was the longest suspension bridge in the world — 50% longer than any previously built — and it has become a treasured landmark. Pada waktu itu dibuka, itu adalah jembatan gantung terpanjang di dunia - 50% lebih lama daripada sebelumnya dibangun - dan ini telah menjadi landmark yang berharga. For several years the towers were the tallest structures in the Western Hemisphere. Selama beberapa tahun menara adalah struktur tertinggi di belahan bumi barat. Since the 1980s, it has been floodlit at night to highlight its architectural features. Sejak 1980-an, telah terang benderang di malam hari untuk menyoroti fitur arsitektur. The towers are built of limestone, granite, and Rosendale cement . Menara dibangun dari batu kapur, granit, dan Rosendale semen. Their architectural style is neo-Gothic , with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers. Gaya arsitektur mereka adalah neo-Gothic, dengan menunjuk ciri khas lengkungan di atas lorong melalui menara batu.
The bridge was designed by German -born John Augustus Roebling in Trenton, New Jersey . Jembatan ini dirancang oleh Jerman kelahiran Yohanes Augustus Roebling di Trenton, New Jersey. Roebling had earlier designed and constructed other suspension bridges, such as Roebling's Delaware Aqueduct in Lackawaxen, Pennsylvania , the John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge in Cincinnati, Ohio , and the Waco Suspension Bridge in Waco, Texas , that served as the engineering prototypes for the final design. Roebling sebelumnya dirancang dan dibangun jembatan suspensi lain, seperti Roebling's Delaware Aqueduct di Lackawaxen, Pennsylvania, yang John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge di Cincinnati, Ohio, dan Waco Suspension Bridge di Waco, Texas, yang berfungsi sebagai prototipe rekayasa untuk rancangan akhir.
During surveying for the East River Bridge project, Roebling's foot was badly injured by a ferry, pinning it against a pylon; within a few weeks, he died of tetanus . Selama mengamati untuk proyek Jembatan Sungai Timur, Roebling kaki terluka parah oleh seorang feri, menjepit itu terhadap sebuah tiang; dalam beberapa minggu, ia meninggal karena penyakit tetanus. His son, Washington , succeeded him, but in 1872 was stricken with caisson disease ( decompression sickness , commonly known as "the bends"), due to working in compressed air in caissons. [ 21 ] The occurrence of the disease in the caisson workers caused him to halt construction of the Manhattan side of the tower 30 feet (10 m) short of bedrock when soil tests underneath the caisson found bedrock to be even deeper than expected. Putranya, Washington, berhasil dia, tapi pada tahun 1872 ini terserang caisson penyakit (penyakit dekompresi, umumnya dikenal sebagai "belokan"), karena bekerja di udara tekan di caissons. [21] Terjadinya penyakit pada pekerja caisson menyebabkan dia untuk menghentikan pembangunan sisi Manhattan menara 30 kaki (10 m) dari landasan pendek ketika tes tanah ditemukan di bawah bebatuan untuk caisson bahkan lebih dari yang diharapkan. Today, the Manhattan tower rests only on sand. [ 22 ] Washington's wife, Emily Warren Roebling , became his aide, learning engineering and communicating his wishes to the on-site assistants. Hari ini, menara Manhattan terletak hanya pada pasir. [22] Washington istri, Emily Warren Roebling, menjadi ajudannya, belajar teknik dan berkomunikasi keinginannya untuk situs yang di-asisten. When the bridge opened, she was the first person to cross it. Ketika jembatan dibuka, dia adalah orang pertama yang melintasinya. Washington Roebling rarely visited the site again. Washington Roebling jarang mengunjungi situs lagi.
At the time the bridge was built, the aerodynamics of bridge building had not been worked out. Pada saat jembatan ini dibangun, aerodinamis bangunan jembatan tidak pernah berhasil. Bridges were not tested in wind tunnels until the 1950s — well after the collapse of the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge (Galloping Gertie) in 1940. Jembatan tidak diuji di terowongan angin hingga tahun 1950-an - baik setelah jatuhnya asli Tacoma Narrows Bridge (berderap Gertie) pada tahun 1940. It is therefore fortunate that the open truss structure supporting the deck is by its nature less subject to aerodynamic problems. Karena itu, beruntung bahwa struktur truss terbuka mendukung dek adalah dengan sifatnya kurang tunduk pada masalah aerodinamis. Roebling designed a bridge and truss system that was six times as strong as he thought it needed to be. Roebling merancang sebuah jembatan dan sistem truss itu adalah enam kali lebih kuat ketika ia pikir itu perlu. Because of this, the Brooklyn Bridge is still standing when many of the bridges built around the same time have vanished into history and been replaced. Karena ini, Jembatan Brooklyn masih berdiri ketika banyak jembatan dibangun sekitar waktu yang sama telah lenyap ke dalam sejarah dan telah diganti. This is also in spite of the substitution of inferior quality wire in the cabling supplied by the contractor J. Ini juga meskipun penggantian berkualitas rendah kawat dalam kabel disediakan oleh kontraktor J. Lloyd Haigh — by the time it was discovered, it was too late to replace the cabling that had already been constructed. Lloyd Haigh - pada saat itu ditemukan, itu sudah terlambat untuk menggantikan kabel yang sudah dibangun. Roebling determined that the poorer wire would leave the bridge four rather than six times as strong as necessary, so it was eventually allowed to stand, with the addition of 250 cables. Roebling menentukan bahwa kawat yang lebih miskin akan meninggalkan jembatan empat lebih dari enam kali lebih kuat diperlukan, sehingga akhirnya diizinkan untuk berdiri, dengan penambahan 250 kabel. Diagonal cables were installed from the towers to the deck, intended to stiffen the bridge. Diagonal kabel dipasang dari menara ke geladak, dimaksudkan untuk menjadi kaku jembatan. They turned out to be unnecessary, but were kept for their distinctive beauty. Mereka ternyata tidak diperlukan, tetapi disimpan untuk kecantikan khas mereka.
After the collapse in 2007 of the I-35W highway bridge in the city of Minneapolis, increased public attention has been brought to bear on the condition of bridges across the US, and it has been reported that the Brooklyn Bridge approach ramps received a rating of "poor" at its last inspection. [ 23 ] According to a NYC Department of Transportation spokesman, "The poor rating it received does not mean it is unsafe. Poor means there are some components that have to be rehabilitated.” A $725 million project to replace the approaches and repaint the bridge is scheduled to begin in 2009. [ 24 ] Setelah runtuhnya di tahun 2007 dari jalan raya I-35W jembatan di kota Minneapolis, peningkatan perhatian publik telah dibawa ke beruang kondisi jembatan di seluruh AS, dan telah dilaporkan bahwa pendekatan Jembatan Brooklyn landai menerima rating "miskin" pada inspeksi yang terakhir. [23] Menurut NYC juru bicara Departemen Perhubungan, "Orang miskin itu menerima rating tidak berarti itu tidak aman. Miskin berarti ada beberapa komponen yang harus direhabilitasi." A $ 725 million proyek untuk menggantikan pendekatan dan mengecat kembali jembatan dijadwalkan akan dimulai pada tahun 2009. [24]
The construction of the Brooklyn Bridge is detailed in the 1978 book The Great Bridge by David McCullough [ 7 ] and Brooklyn Bridge (1981), the first PBS documentary film ever made by Ken Burns . [ 25 ] Burns drew heavily on McCullough's book for the film and used him as narrator. [ 26 ] It is also described in Seven Wonders of the Industrial World , a BBC docudrama series with accompanying book. Pembangunan Jembatan Brooklyn yang rinci dalam buku tahun 1978 The Great Bridge oleh David McCullough [7] dan Brooklyn Bridge (1981), pertama PBS film dokumenter yang pernah dibuat oleh Ken Burns. [25] Burns mengambil berat pada buku McCullough untuk film dan digunakan sebagai narator. [26] Hal ini juga dijelaskan dalam Tujuh Keajaiban Dunia Industri, docudrama BBC seri dengan buku yang menyertainya.
History
Amongst Us, EndofReason and Asking Alexandria I (2003-2007)
Asking Alexandria have their roots in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, where guitarist Ben Bruce started a band under the name Amongst Us. Formed in the fall of 2003, Amongst Us fused both melodic and hardcore vocals with heavier and more hardcore musical elements. Just as the band started to mature, some members were soon to leave Dubai and changes were in order. Bruce stated in an interview with Gulf News that "it was ridiculously hard to keep the band going because people come and go in Dubai".[4] With new members and material, a decision was made to change their name, settling on End of Reason, stylised as EndofReason. It has been explained that the name was born whilst endlessly trying to find a name with reason and meaning without any success.[5]
Sometime after changing to the new name, the band put out a self-released EP entitled Tomorrow.Hope.Goodbye.[6] In its aftermath, the band started to gain national as well as some international success, resulting in record deals with Sonicwave International in the United States and Hangmans Joke Recordings in the United Kingdom.[4] It also contributed to opening slots for bands such as Boy Sets Fire, Pennywise and Jimmy Eat World, amongst others.[7] Whilst slowly increasing in popularity and recognition, the band decided in 2007 to yet again change their name, this time to Asking Alexandria. This decision was made due to the band sharing the name EndofReason with other bands.[8]
On June 25, 2007, Asking Alexandria released their first full length album entitled The Irony of Your Perfection through Hangmans Joke Recordings.[9] Following the release was a nine-month United Kingdom tour, as well as shows in Germany, Holland, France and Sweden.[4] Bruce has in an interview at later date that the band known as Asking Alexandria from Dubai only had the name for about a month before breaking up,[10] hence the band never went on this tour.
[edit] Asking Alexandria II (2008 - 2009)
In 2008, Bruce moved back to England, leaving behind his former band and its members. However, Bruce had no plans on putting his musical career on hold and not long after the move he started fresh with new members, though deciding to carry on the name Asking Alexandria. Bruce has stated on the bands MySpace-blog that he was the inventor of the name, that he still liked it and the meaning/reason behind the name still remained, and therefore decided to continue it in the new project.[11] He also made an emphasised statement in the same blog post that the current Asking Alexandria is not the same band that wrote The Irony of Your Perfection, in style nor members,[11] hence they are two different bands, despite their links. The same statement has been emphasised in interviews and is known to still be a confusion to many fans.
Asking Alexandria has since their formation in 2008 had a couple of member changes, including going from a six-piece to a five-piece, with the departure of synthist Ryan Binns.[12] The last known change was bassist Sam Bettley, whom replaced Joe Lancaster in January 2009.[13] Lancaster played his final show at Fibbers in their hometown York on January 4.[14] The band left for the United States the day after the show to promote their music through shows, as well as to prepare for the recording of their debut album.
After spending 2008 and the first months of 2009 to spread the name Asking Alexandria through relentless touring, the band recorded their debut studio album between May 19 and June 16 at The Foundation Recording Studios in Connersville, Indiana, United States with producer Joey Sturgis.[10] They announced their signing with Sumerian Records shortly after finishing the recording and released their debut album, Stand Up and Scream, on September 15, 2009 through their new label. The band spent 2009 focusing on gaining success in the United States, touring with well known bands such as Alesana, Enter Shikari, The Bled and Evergreen Terrace, amongst others.
[edit] Second album (2010–present)
On December 22, 2009, Asking Alexandria announced that they were to start the works on a second album in January. They informed that they were to be streaming parts of the writing process through a webcam feed via the service Stickam. It was also announced that they will be entering the studio on September 1, again with producer Joey Sturgis, whom produced the bands debut album Stand Up and Scream. The band has later confirmed through an interview with Shred News that the album is scheduled to drop in early 2011 and is planned to contain 12 news songs.[15] In the same interview, the band informed that a title was not yet established.
In March, Asking Alexandria are heading out on their first tour of the new year, yet again making their way through North America, this time with Attack Attack!, Breathe Carolina, lable mates I See Stars and the up-and-coming British metalcore act Bury Tomorrow. The tour carries through to April, ending ten days before heading off for their debut European tour with Dance Gavin Dance and In Fear and Faith, which includes an appearance at the annual Groezrock festival. They are however scheduled to discontinue the European tour two days before it originally ends to make an appearance at The Bamboozle festival in New Jersey.
Asking Alexandria announced their first ever headlining tour on March 2, taking place in North America through May to the start of June. We Came as Romans, From First to Last, Our Last Night and A Bullet for Pretty Boy were announced as supporting bands for the tour. Bruce has also confirmed through an interview with Inside Heavy that the band will be making an appearance at the Thrash and Burn summer festival tour as a main support act, though not revealing details on which other bands that will be participating.[16] When asked if they were to participate on Warped Tour, he stated that the band was saving it for next year.
[edit] Members
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[edit] Discography
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